forall x: Calgary

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"forall x: Calgary," is a comprehensive textbook covering the fundamentals of formal logic. It introduces key concepts such as arguments, validity, and logical consequence. The text systematically builds from truth-functional logic (TFL), explaining symbolization, connectives, truth tables, and natural deduction for TFL. It then progresses to first-order logic (FOL), detailing its building blocks (names, predicates, quantifiers), sentences, identity, and definite descriptions. The book also explores modal logic (ML) systems (K, T, S4, S5) with their respective natural deduction rules and semantics. Finally, it delves into metatheory, discussing normal forms, functional completeness, proving equivalences, soundness, and alternative proof systems, providing a robust foundation in formal reasoning.

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